Political Power of the Army

in October 1999 overthrowing the last democratically elected government led by he Pakistani army has always played an integral part of the Pakistan government and politics since its inception. It has virtually remained as the 3rd party that has seized power every now and then in the name of stabilizing Pakistan. The first of them was General Ayub Khan who came to power through a coup in 1958. Later, General Yahya Khan would assume power in 1969. After the 71 war the democratic setup was restored only to be cut short in 1977 after a coup which saw the end of another democratically elected Government and the Hanging of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the Pakistani Premier. General Zia ul-Haq ruled as a dictator virtually unopposed until his death in 1988. Despite the exit of the army from mainstream politics, the political muscle of the military was everpresent. The current President, General Pervez Musharraf, came to power in a bloodless coupNawaz Sharif.

Pakistan Contribution in UN Peace Keeping Missions

• UN Operation in Congo (ONUC) 1960-1964
• UN Security Force in New Guinea, West Irian (UNSF) 1962-1963
• UN Yemen Observer Mission Yemen (UNYOM) 1963-1964
• UN Transition Assistance Group in Namibia (UNTAG) 1989-1990
• UN Iraq-Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM) 1991-2003
• UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) 1993-1996
• UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) 1992-1993
• UN Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM) 1992-1995
• UN Protection Forces in Bosnia (UNPROFOR) 1992-1995
• UN Observer Mission for Rawanda (UNAMIR) 1993-1996
• UN Verification Mission in Angola (UNAVEM III) 1995-1997
• UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia (UNTAES) 1996-1997
• UN Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) 1996-2002
• UN Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) 2001-2005
• UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) 1999-to-date
• UN Mission in Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) 2003-to-date
• UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) 2003-to-date
• UN Mission in Ivory Coast (ONUCI) 2004-to-date
• UN Mission in Burundi (ONUB) 2004-to-date
• UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) 2005-to-date
• UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) 1999-to-date

Pakistan Army Role in Peacekeeping

n the wake of the new world power equilibrium a more complex security environment has emerged. It is characterized by growing national power politics and state implosions which have necessitated involvement of the United Nations peace keeping forces for conflict resolution.

The United Nations has been undertaking peace keeping operations since its inception, but the need for employment of peace keeping forces has increased manifold since the Gulf War. In 1992 there were 11000 Blue Berets deployed around the world, by the end of the year the figure rose to 52000. Presently it exceeds a staggering figure of 80,000 troops.

Pakistan, which firmly believes in the purposes and the principles of the United Nations Charter has, since 1960, been actively participating in the United Nations multi-national efforts to maintain peace and order around the globe. Its contribution to United Nations peace-keeping has been as wide ranging a the varied cultural, geographic, political and security conditions in which it had to operate.

Pakistan’s participation in peace-keeping activities of the United Nations reflects its belief in the brotherhood of mankind and its commitment to peace across the globe. The humble contribution it has made in this regard bespeaks its desire to see the principles of human dignity, freedom and self-determination applied to all the peoples struggling to secure their inalienable basic rights.

Pakistan's participation in peacekeeping activities of the United Nations reflects its belief in the brotherhood of mankind and its commitment to peace across the globe. Ever since its participation in first UN Peace Keeping Mission in Congo in 1960. Pakistan has remain committed to this cause.

History of the Pakistani Army

1947 - 1958

The Pakistani Army was created on June 30, 1947 with the division of the British Indian Armyartillery and eight infantry regiments compared to the forty armoured, forty artillery and twenty one infantry regiments that went to India.^[15]Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Regular army units joined the invasion later on but were pushed back by the Indians but not before occupying the northwestern part of Kashmir (roughly 40% of Kashmir). During the 1950s, the Pakistani Army received large amounts of economic and military aid from United States and Great Britain after signing two Mutual Defense Treaties, Central Treaty Organization, (Cento) also known as the Baghdad Pact and SEATO, (South East Asian Treaty Organization) in 1954. This aid greatly expanded the Army from its modest beginnings. and Pakistan received six armoured, eight Fearing that India would take over the disputed region of Kashmir, the newly created Pakistani Army sent in irregulars and tribal groups in 1947 which lead to the

1958 - 1969

Pakistani soldiers at the Indian town of Khemkaran in the 1965 Indo-Pak War.

The Army seized control of Pakistan for the first time when General Ayub Khan came to power through a bloodless coup in 1958. Tensions with India continued in the 1960s and a brief border skirmish was fought near the Rann of Kutch area during April 1965, when the Indian Army was caught unprepared.

Ayub khan wanted to divert attention of population from the internal troubles so planned to liberate kashmir from India. He expected people of kashmir would join and revolt against Indian rule. The army attacked Indian positions along the border in kasmir to which India responded by airstrikes and counter attacks. In the end the war proved a waste of time and resources as nothing was achieved. India asked for a cease fire and Pakistan accepted under international pressure.

Popular uprising against General Ayub Khan, during 1968 and 1969 resulted in Ayub Khan relinquishing his office as President and Chief of Pakistan Army in favor of General Yahya Khan who assumed power in 1969.

1969 - 1977

During the rule of General Yahya Khan, the Bengalis protested their poor conditions and civil unrest broke out in East Pakistan amidst widespread human rights abuses carried out by the Pakistani Army. The civil unrest led to what is known as Pakistani Civil War by Pakistanis and "Muktijuddho" or Bangladesh Liberation War. India joined the war on the side of Bangladesh and within a fortnight of fighting between India and Pakistan, on the 16th of December, 1971, over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers and Officers surrendered and Bangladesh became a republic. Consequently, Pakistan army was modernized at a faster pace than ever before. After the war, General Yahya Khan resigned and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over the reins.

1977 - 1999

In 1977 the Pakistan Army took over the government of Pakistan after a coup by General Zia ul-Haq, which saw the end of another democratically elected government leading to the hanging of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, after he was tried and found guilty of conspiracy of murdering a politician named Kasuri. General Zia ul-Haq ruled as a military dictator until his mysterious explosion aircraft death in 1988.

Pakistani army also helped the Saudi Arabian Government in regaining the control of the Kaaba with the help of French Commandos. Pakistani and French security forces retook the shrine in a battle which left approximately 250 dead, and 600 wounded. Pakistani and French troops reportedly entered the Grand Mosque and flooded it with water; applied electricity to it; and electrocuted most of the rebels. Other reports said that paralysing gas was used. Still others say the highly trained French GIGN counter-terrorist commandos led the assault. The Pakistanis and French were called in after poor results from assaults by the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG). 127 were reported to have been killed.

In the mid-1970s the Pakistani Army was involved in fighting a popular uprising in Baluchistan. Various Baluchi factions, some with the oblique support of the USSR, wanted independence or at least greater provincial rights. The rebellion was put down but the Army suffered heavy casualties. With the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the United States began to provide large scale military and economic aid to Pakistan to modernize its conventional military capability and, ostensibly at least, prevent any Soviet attacks on it. This aid was also intended as an incentive for Pakistan to aid guerrilla forces in Afghanistan. The SSG created a unit called the Black Storks in which SSG commandos were dressed up as Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan war. They were then flown into Afghanistan and provided the Mujahideen with support. The United States allocated about 40% of its assistance package to non-reimbursable credits for military purchases, the fourth largest program after Israel,Egypt, and Turkey. The remainder of the aid program was devoted to economic assistance.

After the Soviets withdrew by 1989 and the Pakistani Nuclear weapons program nearing maturity, Pakistan was placed under sanctions by USA in 1990. Various weapon systems ordered by Pakistan such as F-16 Jets were not delivered but various amendments have authorized return of spare parts and end items already paid for by Pakistan. There was a period of international sanctions due to Pakistan's nuclear tests. During 1999 the Pakistan Army for the fourth time overthrew a democratically elected government which resulted in additional sanctions being placed against Pakistan

The Army fought a brief but bloody border skirmish with India in Kargil 1999.

1999 - Present

In October 1999 the Pakistan Army for the fourth time overthrew a democratically elected government which resulted in additional sanctions being placed against Pakistan, resulting in the current President, General Pervez Musharraf, coming to power in a bloodless coup. Musharraf had initially pledged to step down as Army chief in 2005, however, he changed his mind, indicating that he may step down as Army chief in 2007 and hold democratic elections.

In October 2007, General Musharraf ran for president in a controversial election, in uniform. A case was brought before the Supreme Court of Pakistan questioning the ability of the serving Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army taking part in politics and being able to run for president. While the case was still pending with the Supreme Court, General Musharraf fearing a decision against him, suspended the constitution and proclaimed a Martial Law under the guise of emergency. This was followed by widespread arrests of lawyers, political workers, teachers and members of civil society in general.

Since the 9/11 incident, Pakistan unrecognized Taliban and has become a key ally of USA in the fight against terrorism. As part of United States war on terrorism, the army has moved over 80,000 troops to the Pakistan-Afghan border to patrol against extreme elements cross border infiltration. The Army has started new operations in Waziristan and Swat in late 2007, which have resulted in over 600 militants killed.

The Pakistan Army commenced counter insurgency operations in Baluchistan from 2004. With some of the heaviest fighting taking place in 2006 resulting in the killing of the leader of the Nawab Akbar Bugti and the supression of the Baluchistan Liberation Army.

Present commanders

This list of generals and lieutenant generals is maintained according to their seniority in the army.

General Pervez Musharraf — Chief of Army Staff. General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani — Vice Chief of Army Staff. General Tariq Majid — Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Lt Gen Safdar Hussain[4] — Chief of Logistics Staff (CLS), GHQ. Lt Gen Syed Athar Ali[3] — DG Joint Staff, JS HQ. Lt Gen Waseem Ahmed Ashraf[7] — Corps Commander Gujranwala. Lt Gen Mohammed Sabir[4] — Military Secretary, GHQ. Lt Gen Imtiaz Hussain[7] — Adjutant General, GHQ. Lt Gen Afzal Muzaffar[8] — Quartermaster General (QMG), GHQ. Lt Gen Hamid Rab Nawaz[6] — IG T&E, GHQ. Lt Gen Salahuddin Satti[9] — Chief of General Staff (CGS), GHQ. Lt Gen Syed Sabahat Hussain[3] — Chairman Pakistan Ordnance Factories. Lt Gen Raza Khan[6] — Corps Commander Bahawalpur. Lt Gen Masood Aslam[6] — Corps Commander Peshawar. Lt Gen Shafaatullah Shah[4] — Corps Commander Lahore. Lt Gen Hamid Khan[6] — President National Defence University. Lt Gen Israr Ahmed Ghumman[10] — DG Heavy Industries Taxila. Lt Gen Ahsan Azhar Hayat[3] — Corps Commander Karachi. Lt Gen Nadeem Ahmad[3] — Deputy Chairman ERRA (Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority).

Lt Gen Sajjad Akram[3] — Corps Commander Mangla. Lt Gen Muhammad Zaki[3] — DG Infantry, GHQ. Lt Gen Sikandar Afzal[3] — Corps Commander Multan. Lt Gen Ijaz Ahmed Bakhshi[3] — DG W&E, GHQ. Lt Gen Mushtaq Ahmed Baig[11] — Surgeon General, GHQ. Lt Gen Khalid Shamim Wyne[6] — Corps Commander Quetta. Lt Gen Mohammad Ashraf Saleem[7] — Commander Army Air Defence Command. Lt Gen Shahid Niaz[7] — Engineer-in-Chief Pakistan Army. Lt Gen Muhammad Yousaf[7] — Vice Chief of General Staff, GHQ. Lt Gen Syed Absar Hussain[7] — Commander, ASFC. Lt Gen Javed Zia[5] — Deputy Chief of General Staff (DCGS), GHQ. Lt Gen Shujaat Zamir Dar[12] — DG NAB (Punjab). Lt Gen Mohsin Kamal[5] — Corps Commander Rawalpindi. Lt Gen Muhammad Asghar[5] — Rector, NUST. Lt Gen Jamil Haider[5] — DG C4I, GHQ. Lt Gen Nadeem Taj — DG ISI. Maj Gen Nasir Janjua[13] — DG MO (Military Operations). Maj Gen Zahid Hussain[13] — Commandant, PMA. Maj Gen Mian Nadeem Ijaz Ahmed[14] — DG MI. Maj Gen Waheed Arshad — DG ISPR.

Corps

There are 9 Corps located at various garrisons all over Pakistan.

Corps	HQ Location	Major Formations under Corps	Commander
I Corps	Mangla, Punjab	6th Armored Division (Kharian), 17th Infantry Division (Kharian), 37th Infantry Division (Gujranwala)	Lt Gen Sajjad Akram[3]
II Corps	Multan, Punjab	1st Armored Division (Multan), 14th Infantry Division (Okara)	Lt Gen Sikandar Afzal[3]
IV Corps	Lahore, Punjab	10th Infantry Division (Lahore), 11th Infantry Division (Lahore)	Lt Gen Shafaatullah Shah[4]
V Corps	Karachi, Sindh	16th Infantry Division (Pano Akil), 18th Infantry Division (Hyderabad)	Lt Gen Ahsan Azhar Hayat[3]
X Corps	Rawalpindi, Punjab	FCNA (Gilgit), 12th Infantry Division (Murree), 19th Infantry Division (Mangla), 23rd Infantry Division (Jhelum)	Lt Gen Mohsin Kamal[5]
XI Corps	Peshawar, North West Frontier Province	7th Infantry Division (Peshawar), 9th Infantry Division (Kohat)	Lt Gen Masood Aslam[6]
XII Corps	Quetta, Balochistan	33rd Infantry Division (Quetta), 41st Infantry Division (Quetta)	Lt Gen Khalid Shamim Wyne[6]
XXX Corps	Gujranwala, Punjab	8th Infantry Division (Sialkot), 15th Infantry Division (Sialkot)	Lt Gen Waseem Ahmed Ashraf[7]
XXXI Corps	Bahawalpur, Punjab	35th Infantry Division (Bahawalpur), 40th Infantry Division (Okara)	Lt Gen Raza Muhammad Khan

Regiments

The President's Bodyguard Armour 4th Cavalry 5th Horse 6th Lancers 7th Lancers 8th Lancers 9th Lancers Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force) 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force) 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)	13th Lancers 15th Lancers 19th Lancers 20th Lancers 22nd Cavalry 23rd Cavalry (Frontier Force) 24th Cavalry (Frontier Force) 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force) 26th Cavalry Bold textPATHAN REGIMENT 27th Cavalry The President's Bodyguard formed at independence from members of the Governor General's Bodyguard, itself successor to the Governor's Troop of Moghals raised in 1773 *5th Horse is the successor to the 1st Sikh Irregular Cavalry (Wales's Horse), and the 2nd Sikh Irregular Cavalry, both raised in 1857 *6th Lancers is the successor to The Rohilkhand Horse raised in 1857, and the 4th Sikh Irregular Cavalry raised in 1858 *Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force) is the successor to the Corps of Guides raised in 1846 *11th Cavalry (Frontier Force) is the successor to 1st Regiment of Punjab Cavalry and 3rd Regiment of Punjab Cavalry, both raised in 1849 *13th Lancers is the successor to the 1st Native Troop raised in 1804, and the 2nd Native Troop raised in 1816 *19th Lancers is the successor to the 2nd Mahratta Horse (Tiwana Horse) raised in 1858, and Fane's Horse raised in 1860 *25th Cavalry (Frontier Force) is the famous unit which stopped Indian armour thrust in Chawinda in 1965 *The Punjab Regiment formed in 1956 from the 1st, 14th, 15th and 16th Punjab Regiments; can be traced back to the 3rd Battalion of Coast Sepoys raised in 1759 *The Baloch Regiment formed in 1956 from the 8th Punjab Regiment, The Baluch Regiment, and The Bahawalpur Regiment; can be traced back to the 3rd Extra Madras Battalion raised in 1798 *The Frontier Force Regiment is the successor to the Frontier Brigade raised in 1846 *The Azad Kashmir Regiment was raised in 1947, became part of the army in 1971 *The Sindh Regiment was raised in 1980 from battalions of the Punjab Regiment and Baloch Regiment *The Northern Light Infantry was formed in 1977 from various paramilitary units of scouts, became part of the army in 1999 after the Kargil War *The Special Service Group was formed in 1959 around a cadre from the Baluch Regiment		28th Cavalry 29th Cavalry 30th Cavalry 31st Cavalry 32nd Cavalry 33rd Cavalry 41st Horse (Frontier Force) 52nd Cavalry 53rd Cavalry